オルトミクソウイルス科とパラミクソウイルス科 | 第24章 – 微生物学を驚くほどシンプルに（第9章）
This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of two major families of RNA viruses, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae, detailing their structural distinctiveness, virulence factors, and clinical pathologies. The summary begins with Orthomyxoviridae, specifically the Influenza virus, analyzing its segmented RNA genome and lipid bilayer envelope studded with critical proteins. It explains the mechanism of Hemagglutinin (HA), which acts as a viral attachment protein binding to host sialic acid receptors, and Neuraminidase (NA), the enzyme responsible for cleaving these bonds to facilitate viral release from infected cells. The text differentiates between antigenic drift, defined as minor mutations leading to seasonal epidemics, and antigenic shift, described as a major genetic reassortment capable of causing pandemics. Furthermore, it addresses serious complications such as Reye’s syndrome, linked to aspirin use during viral illness, and emerging threats like avian influenza strains H5N1 and H7N9. The discussion then transitions to the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes non-segmented RNA viruses such as Parainfluenza, Metapneumovirus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). A significant portion of the chapter is dedicated to the Mumps virus, noting clinical presentations like parotitis (swelling of the salivary glands) and orchitis (inflammation of the testes). Finally, the summary covers the Measles virus, outlining its clinical progression from a prodromal phase characterized by high fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and photophobia, to the appearance of pathognomonic Koplik’s spots in the mouth, followed by a widespread rash that classically spreads from the head downward to the body.
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